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[情緒疾病與治療]
 
11. 躁鬱症 (Bipolar Disorder)

躁鬱症或躁狂抑鬱症是一種情緒障礙,患者通常有不正常的情緒波動。在「情緒高」時患者顯得極為亢奮或興高采烈,在「情緒低」時患者變得非常傷心,難以體驗到快樂。情緒高被稱為躁狂發作,而情緒低落被稱為抑鬱發作。發作也有輕微至嚴重之分類,對個人的思想、感覺、生理和行為有不同程度的影響。

 

值得留意的是,患者有不同模式的障礙。例如,有些患者一生只有一次躁狂發作,但卻有頻繁的抑鬱發作;有些可能有多次躁狂發作,抑鬱發作次數可能較少。躁鬱症的發病率佔人口約1%,經歷此疾病可能需要住院治療。這種疾病影響男性和女性的比例相若,首次發病年齡大約在20歲。發病狀態可分為:

  • 躁狂發作 (manic episode):這是一種情緒極端異常、高脹、欣喜及急躁的狀態。輕度躁狂(Hypomania)是較為溫和的急躁的狀態,通常較易受到控制,而不需要住院治療,患者仍可與現實與別人保持接觸。但是,輕度躁狂很容易並迅速轉為躁狂發作。

  • 抑鬱發作 (depressive episode):這是情緒顯著低落的狀態,其嚴重程度、持久性、持續時間和症狀可以區分為不同程度的抑鬱。

  • 混合發作 (mixed episode):混合發作是抑鬱和躁狂症狀幾乎同一段時間出現。患者經歷快速交替的情緒,如煩躁不安、興奮、悲傷,而且可能有失眠、躁動、幻覺和妄想、自殺思想等。

躁鬱症治療的首選方案為藥物治療,而心理治療則為其輔助治療方案。


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性格障礙|性格評估|性格障礙治療|焦慮症|抑鬱症|情緒病|心理醫生|personality disorder|paranoid|schizoid|schizotypal|borderline personality

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